Key Focus Areas:

1. C++ Standards Evolution
   • C++98 introduced templates/STL, C++11 revolutionized with move semantics/type traits, C++17 added parallel STL/filesystem.
2. TR1’s Role
   • Bridged legacy C++ to Modern C++ by introducing Boost-inspired libraries (smart pointers, regex).
3. C++20 “Big Four”
   • Concepts (template constraints), Modules (header replacement), Ranges (functional-style algorithms), Coroutines (async control flow).
4. Standardization Process
   • WG21 structure: Core/Library Working Groups (Stage 3), Evolution Groups (Stage 2), Domain-Specific Study Groups (Stage 1).
5. Language/Concurrency Improvements
   • <=> operator, designated initializers, atomic smart pointers, semaphores/latches.

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Multiple-Choice Questions

Question 1
Which C++ standards introduced the following features?
A) Move semantics
B) Filesystem library
C) TR1 technical report
D) Concepts
Options:

1. C++11
2. C++17
3. C++20
4. C++03

Question 2
What are the primary goals of C++20 Modules?
A) Eliminate header files
B) Replace the preprocessor entirely
C) Improve compile times
D) Enable cross-platform thread management

Question 3
Which statements about Concepts are true?
A) They replace typename in template parameters.
B) They enable compiler-enforced semantic constraints.
C) They simplify SFINAE techniques.
D) They require runtime type checks.

Question 4
Identify valid C++20 syntax for Coroutines:
A) co_return 42;
B) co_await future;
C) co_yield value;
D) co_parallel algorithm;

Question 5
Which features are part of the Ranges Library?
A) Pipeline operator | for algorithm composition
B) Lazy evaluation of infinite sequences
C) Built-in GPU acceleration
D) Direct container operations without iterators

Question 6
What does the Three-Way Comparison Operator (<=>) provide?
A) Default comparison for all class members
B) Automatic generation of ==, !=, <, etc.
C) Compile-time type equivalence checks
D) A single function to define all relational operators

Question 7
Which statements about Designated Initialization are correct?
A) It allows initializing struct members by name.
B) It works with aggregate types only.
C) Members must be initialized in declaration order.
D) It supports non-static class members.

Question 8
What are valid uses of std::span?
A) Wrapping a C-style array
B) Owning a contiguous sequence of elements
C) Providing bounds-checked access
D) Replacing std::vector in all scenarios

Question 9
Which Concurrency features were added in C++20?
A) std::jthread
B) std::atomic_ref
C) std::mutex
D) std::latch

Question 10
What is true about constinit and consteval?
A) constinit ensures constant initialization.
B) consteval functions can be called at runtime.
C) constinit applies to dynamic storage duration.
D) consteval functions are implicitly constexpr.

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Answers & Explanations

Answer 1

• Correct: A(1), B(2), C(4), D(3)
• Explanation:
  • Move semantics (C++11), Filesystem (C++17), TR1 (published in 2005 as a precursor to C++11), Concepts (C++20).

Answer 2

• Correct: A, C
• Explanation:
  • Modules aim to replace headers (A) and improve compilation ©, but the preprocessor remains for macros (B). Thread management is unrelated (D).

Answer 3

• Correct: B, C
• Explanation:
  • Concepts enforce constraints (B) and reduce SFINAE complexity ©. They don’t replace typename entirely (A) and are compile-time (D is false).

Answer 4

• Correct: A, B, C
• Explanation:
  • co_return, co_await, and co_yield are coroutine keywords. co_parallel is invalid (D).

Answer 5

• Correct: A, B, D
• Explanation:
  • Ranges use | for composition (A), lazy evaluation (B), and direct container ops (D). GPU support is not part of C++20 ©.

Answer 6

• Correct: B, D
• Explanation:
  • <=> generates relational operators (B) and reduces boilerplate (D). It doesn’t auto-generate == unless = default (A partial). No type checks ©.

Answer 7

• Correct: A, B, C
• Explanation:
  • Designated initialization requires aggregates (B), named members (A), and declaration order ©. Non-static members are allowed (D is true but irrelevant).

Answer 8

• Correct: A, C
• Explanation:
  • std::span wraps existing data (A) with optional bounds checks ©. It doesn’t own data (B) or replace vector (D).

Answer 9

• Correct: A, B, D
• Explanation:
  • jthread (A), atomic_ref (B), and latch (D) are C++20. mutex © predates C++20.

Answer 10

• Correct: A, D
• Explanation:
  • constinit ensures static initialization (A). consteval functions are constexpr (D) but can’t run at runtime (B false). constinit applies to static storage (C false).